胡适留学日记_胡适【完结】(70)

2019-03-10  作者|标签:胡适

  〔附记〕归绮色佳后三日,君复寄示此论,欲余一一斥驳,余复书曰:“此日人不打自招之供状,不须驳也。”

  车中又读一文,论《不争主义之道德》,则如羯鼓解秽,令人起舞:

  ethicsofnon-resistance

  sir:inaneditorialentitled“securityforneutrals”inthenewrepublic,theargumentwasadvancedthattheviolationofbelgiumprovesthenecessityofarmamentintheunitedstatesifwewouldpreserveournationalinterests.“aworldinwhichabelgiumcouldbeviolatedwasaworldinwhichnationalinoffensivenessofferednosecurityagainstattackandinwhichapacifistdemocraticidealwouldhavetofightforitslife.”ifanidealmustfightforitslife,mayisuggestthatagunisanineffectiveweaponforit?ifyourgunkillsyouropponent,naturallyhecan’tbeastrongsupporterofyourideal.ifyourgunwoundshim,naturallyhewon’tbeastrongsupporterofyourideal.ifyougetshotbyhisgun-bytherulesofwarfarehewillshootyouonlyifyouaretryingtoshoothim-yourideallosestheonlysupporterithas.ifbelgiumandenglandandfrancehaddeterminedtoupholdanideal,suchasdemocraticantimilitarism,andtopersuadegermanstoaccepttheirideal,theywereidiotictogoaboutkillingsomeofthegermanstheywishedtoconvert,andgettingthousandsoftheirownmen-supportersoftheirideal-intoslaughtertrenches.itisanacknowledgmentoflackoffaithintheefficacyofanidealtourgethatitmusthavegunsinordertolive.ifanidealisworthanythingatallitwillmakeitsownpersuasiveappealtothemindsofmen,andanygun-protectedidealislikelynottobeanidealatall,butonlygun-protectedselfishness.

  itwascriminalforbelgianstoshootgermanpeasants.itwascriminalforgermanpeasantstoshootbelgianfactory-hands.ononesideitwascriminalself-preservation,thegermansfightingfortheirhomeswiththefearthatiftheydidnotmarchthroughbelgium,thefrenchwould,andontheothersideitwascriminalself-preservation,thebelgiansfightingfortheirhomes.whatmoreamisayingthanthatwarishideouslywrong?iamsayingthatwarforself-preservationishideouslywrong,thatself-preservationatthecostofwariscriminal.

  wouldikillastrangerinordertopreventhiskillinganeighbor?iftherewerenootherwaytopreventhim-yes-orelseiwouldbeguiltyofpermittingmurder.franceistheculturalneighborofbelgium-germanycomparedwithfranceisthestranger.wasbelgiumthereforejustifledintryingtopreventgermanyfromcrushingfrance?bynomeans,becausebyresistinggermany,belgiummadeitpossibleforenglandandfrancetocrushgermany.ifmyneighborwasbentonmurderingthestranger,shouldikillthestranger?no,forthenishouldbeabettingmurder.belgiumwasaidingherneighborfrancetomurdergermansoldiers.theonlyargumentthatcanbeofferedforbelgiumisthatsheactedinself-defense,butimaintainthatthesettingupofself-defenseaboveallconsiderationofothersiscriminal,foritlogicallyleadsintheendtomurder.

  theeditorialtowhichihavereferredmaintainedthatifbelgiumhadrefusedtofightshewouldhavebeencowardly.doestheeditorofthenewrepublicholdthatthesocialistswhovowedayearagothattheywouldrefusefofight,andwhoquicklyjoinedtherankswhenwarwasdeclared-doesheholdthatthesemenwouldhavebeenmorecowardlythantheywereiftheyhadstoodoutagainstmobilization?surelyonecannotcallthesocialistscowardsbecausetheydidnotrefusetofight,andwiththesamelipssaythatthebelgianswouldhavebeencowardsiftheyhadrefusedtofight.ibelievethatthemanwhokillsanotherinself-preservationisacoward.heisacowardbecauseheissomuchafraidtolosthispropertyorlifethatheisactuallywillingtocommitmurder.amiacowardwhenideclarebeforegodandmyconsciencethatiwouldrefusetoenlisteventhoughtherewereconscriptionintheunitedstatestocreateanarmytoresistforeigninvasion?ifiwereaquaker,thereareprecedentsfromcivilwartimesunterwhichicouldlegallyescapeserviceatthefront.butiamnotaquaker.iwouldprobablyhavetosufferimprisonmentorexecutionfortreason.someofmyfriendswhowillreadthispresentstatementmaydespiseme.otheryoungmenmaysneeratme.yetisayiwouldneverwillinglykillamantosavemyownlife.now,doyouthinkmeacoward?

  ifthepeopleoftheunitedstatescontinuetobelievethatself-preservationistheirhighestduty,letthemputtheirtrustinarmamentastheonly“securityforneutrals”.iftheyevercometobelievewhatthegreatestmantaught-adoctrinehischurchhasbeendenying-theywillseethatwareveninself-defense,likeallwar,ismurder,iscriminalandcowardly.

  frederickj.pohl

  newyorkcity.

  不争主义之道德

  〔中译〕在《新共和》杂志一篇题为《中立国之安全》的社论中,某君提出了这样的观点:由比利时之遭侵略推出结论证明美国为维护国家利益起见必须要有必要的军备。“在这个世界上连比利时都要受到侵犯,那么任何国家的‘不犯人’主义对于任何外来侵略均无安全可言。一个持和平民主之主义的理想主义者,首先必须为自己的生存而斗争。”如果一种理想先得为自己的生存而抗争,那还用我来说明他用以抗争的枪杆子是毫无效用的武器吗?如果你枪杀了你的仇敌,自然他就不可能是你的理想的积极支持者。如果你用枪伤害了他,自然他也不会是你的理想的积极支持者。按照战争规则,如果你要she击他,他也会she击你。万一你被他击中,那么你的理想也就失去了唯一的支持者。如果比利时、英国、法国决心抱民主的反战主义,为了说服德国人接受他们的主义,他们却去屠杀德国人,而这些德国人本是他们打算要说服的,并又使成千上万的自己理想的支持者成为杀人凶手。他们这样做,岂不是白痴吗?如果一种理想必需为了自己的生存去动武抗争的话,这就必定是对自己的力量缺乏信心的表现。任何稍有价值的理想必定是以说服去打动众人之心的。任何用武力维护的理想也就不是理想了,而只不过是武力保护下的利己主义。

  德国农民枪杀比利时工人是犯罪,比利时人枪杀德国农民也是犯罪。德国人担心他们若不假道比利时攻打法国,法国一定会假道比利时攻打他们,因此他们为了保卫自己的家乡而战斗,这种自卫是一种犯罪。同样比利时为保卫自己的家乡而战斗也是一种犯罪,还用我来说明战争是极为错误的么?我要表明的是为自卫而战斗是极为错误的,为了自卫而发动战争就是犯罪。

  为了阻止一个陌生人杀我的邻居,我会去杀这个陌生人吗?如果没有其他的法子好阻止他(确实没有)我又不去杀他,那我岂不是容许杀人而有罪吗?法国人是比利时人有教养的邻居,相比较而言德国人就是那个陌生人了,这样比利时就为自己阻止德国去践踏法国的行为找到了一个辩白的理由了吗?不管怎样比利时阻止了德国,就有可能使英国和法国去侵略德国。

  第43章 民国三年(1914)十二月十二日至四年(1915)二月十四日(5)

  如果我的邻居没有办法,只好去杀那个陌生人的话,我也要杀那个陌杀人吗?不。不然我就是协同犯罪了。比利时帮助邻居法国杀德国士兵,比利时可能会为自己辩解说,这是自卫行为。但是我以为任何基于不为他人着想的自卫都是犯罪,因为它最终必定会导致杀害别人。

  我刚才提到的那篇文章以为如果比利时拒绝参战,就将被人看作胆小鬼。社会党人在一年以前立誓不参战。可是战争一起,他们便即刻加入战争的队伍。如果他们不这样做,而是站出来反对动员令的话,试问《新共和》的主编,他们哪一种行为更为怯懦呢?当然大家决不会叫社会党人做胆小鬼,因为他们没有拒绝参战。说这话的人又会说比利时若不参战便是胆小鬼。我认为一个人为了保存自己去杀人便是胆小鬼,因为他害怕失去自己的产业和生命,宁可去杀人,他实实在在是一个胆小鬼。如果我面对美利坚合众国为抵御外侮而发起的征兵动员令,敢于当着上帝和自己的良心发誓决不去当兵,我是一个胆小鬼吗?如果我是一个魁克党人,我便可援引内战时期的先例而合法地逃脱军事服务。可我不是一个魁克党人,于是我大约就只好去蹲监狱或是因叛国罪而服刑了。看了我的这篇文章的朋友一定会鄙视我,其他的青年也必定要耻笑我。但是我还是要说,我决不为了救自己的命而去杀人,现在你还认为我是一个胆小鬼么?


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